Aborigine-Invading Settler Relationship in Rabbit-Proof Fence

Aborigine-Invading Settler Relationship in Rabbit-Proof Fence Free Online Research Papers Philip Noyce’s film Rabbit-Proof Fence is a film about three Aboriginal girls named Molly Craig, Daisy Kadabil and Gracie Fields and it explores the lives of these girls coinciding with the Australian western society during the Stolen Generation period. The police of the white Australians captured the girls due to their mixed-blood status; half white, half Aboriginal. They were taken from their parents and were put into a settlement with other mixed bloods known as â€Å"half-castes†. The film also tells of their escape from the Moore River Settlement and their return to their families, except for Gracie. The film is based on a book entitled Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence which is inspired by true events and is written by Doris Pilkington Garimara, the daughter of the protagonist Molly (â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence†). The film attempts to untangle many issues of Australian history. It explores the issues such as the relationship between the Aborigines and the invading-settlers, explains the reason why half-caste Aboriginals were taken from their families and what happened once they are captured. The ‘Stolen Generation’ consists of children of Australian Aboriginal descent who suffer the destruction of identity, family life and culture because they were removed from their families by the Australian and State government agencies under the Aborigines Act (â€Å"Bring them home†). It is documented that the removals occurred in the period between approximately 1869 and 1970s (Marten 229, Australian Museum 1-6, Read 1-34). This was caused because, by the mid-nineteenth century, white settlers had begun their encroachment of native Aboriginal lands, resulting in inevitable mixing of white and Aboriginal blood. The children of this union were known as â€Å"half-caste† and their growing presence is seen as a threat to civilized society by the Australian authorities (Stratton 70). Motives for the removal of the children from their families are heavily debated and include fears of miscegenation, child protection and a desire to attain white racial purity (Bates 243). In order to achieve the aforementioned motives, cultural imperialism and subjugation of the Aborigine will be discussed. First and foremost is cultural imperialism. British colonial rule relied on the perception that non-white people and non-Western cultures as inferior and needed the ‘advanced civilization’ offered by Western culture. The colonizers found it beneficial for children to adapt to Western society as they believed that the indigenous people lived ‘unhappy lives’ and the thought of them conforming to the ‘western lifestyle to be ideal’ (Klages 147-152, Stratton 70). Britain extended its national rule to countries and areas all over the world from the late seventeenth century to the middle of the twentieth century (â€Å"Colonialism†). The British formed British colonies and in most cases took over the administration of the government in order for British laws and customs to rule the people who lived half a world away from Britain itself. British colonial rule meant teaching the indigenous people about the superiority of Western practices through the setting up systems of police, courts and legislatures following British laws (Klages 147-152). It is also done by sending missionaries to convert natives to Christianity, establishing churches, setting up schools to teach British customs, and the English language to children and adults in order to make them more like British citizens. The Australian government itself stems from British colonial rule and thus followed the aforementioned things. When Molly, Daisy and Gracie were taken from their parents by the police, they were transported to Moore River Settlement, more than a thousand miles away from their families. When they are at the settlement, they were forced to speak English, abandon their traditional beliefs and culture, taught to adopt to western society and were brought up to believe in Christianity as apposed to their own belief (Rabbit-Proof Fence). The Moore River Settlement disconnected the children with their families and this prevented the children from finding their families or returning back to their homes. Children at the Moore River Settlement were also taught to believe that their past (traditions and origins) to be an ‘evil thing’ and persuaded them through the use of force to never revisit their original way of life and continue on living in western society. This is done in order to ‘protect the child’ by making them conform to western lifestyle. According to Mr. A.O. Neville, who is the Chief Protector of Aborigines, the half-caste children should be removed from their families for the fear of miscegenation. He states that there will be a ‘racial classification dilemma’ as the half-caste child could â€Å"allow a creation of an unwanted third race† and there will be a dispute on whether or not â€Å"the colors be encouraged to go back to the blacks† or â€Å"advance to the white status and be absorbed in the white population†. He further adds that half-caste children can be bred into ‘white people’ through after three generations of marriages with white people starting from the half-blood grandmother, leading to the quadroon daughter and the octoroon grandson as after â€Å"the third generation, no trace of origin is apparent†¦continuing infiltration of white blood†¦finally stamps out the black color†. This clearly shows the desire to attain white racial purity in which the Aboriginal is finally bred out. Second is subjugation of the Aborigine. The film the Rabbit-Proof Fence shows subjugation of the Aborigine through power and law. This can be seen through the use of characters, symbols and settings developed throughout the movie. The most powerful character is Mr. A.O. Neville, chief protector and legal guardian of every Aboriginal in Western Australia in the 1930s. He represents authority as throughout the entire movie, he is portrayed as having perfectly combed and waxed hair and is always seen in a suit which is in immaculate condition. This is combined with his power to control every Aborigine in the state: â€Å"Every Aborigine in this state comes under my control†, he said. He displays his authority by signing an order for the institutionalization of Molly, Daisy and Gracie and by his formal pattern of speech; â€Å"I’m authorizing their removal. They’re to be taken to Moore River as soon as possible†. Molly Craig’s character, on the other hand, shows the contrast to power and law. Molly’s hair is free and her clothing is simple to portray her carefree lifestyle without official rules. Molly’s speech is also informal and mostly made up of simple sentences; â€Å"Where your country? How far does rabbit fence go to?† When these two characters clash, we see the effects of power and law on the powerless Aborigine. From these two examples, it is clearly seen that the whites held the power to dominate the Aborigines because they held authority through law. Even when an aborigine acquires some power and law, as depicted in the character of Moodoo, he is still not powerful enough to go against the white oppressors. He can neither get himself or his daughter to totally abandon the Moore River Settlement. In addition, he also has to suffer with a lost of identity as he is not entirely accepted by the white or aboriginal communities because of his role as a tracker. Symbolism is another way to represent power and law. Mr. Neville’s stationary especially his pen and rubber stamp are powerful objects. They are the most powerful tool because they are used to authorize the removal of the three half-caste girls. It is also a tool to grant permission to marry, visit children and buy new shoes. The three aboriginal children were forced to fight the forces of the whites with their own set of powers without the help from the law. They have the power of culture, taught to them by their mother, Maude. They had learned native survival skills as part of their aboriginal education. Without their knowledge of tracking, hunting and survival in the bush, they would never have made it back to their home. These abilities were essential throughout their journey. This fundamental power of culture was an indigenous strength that allowed survival in a harsh land. It was also a strength that could be used in combat against their white oppressors. Settings are also used to represent power and law. There are two main settings are social setting and physical setting. The social setting consists of patriarch society versus matriarch society. The white oppressors controlled the society that they oppressed by following a ‘patriarch rule’. The individuals with the most power in society are men while women played a subordinate role. Men road horses, drove cars and enforced laws. Women became housewives, secretaries and servants. The Aborigines, on the contrary, controlled their society by following a ‘matriarch rule’. Women became the head of their family and the breadwinner. Men only became an insemination tool. It is also interesting to note that when these two types of social settings clash with one another, the physical power of the patriarchs together with their control of the law overpowers the matriarchs; Constable Riggs forcefully takes the three aboriginal girls from their mothers and grandmother while justifying his actions by saying â€Å"I’ve got the papers, Maude, there’s nothing you can do†. The physical setting too shows the portrayal of power and law. Molly’s home is where modern living and laws are not reinforced. Molly enjoys a free and happy lifestyle because of this. Warm colors found in can be seen through the lush vegetation and large landscape of her home to represent this. Alternatively, Mr. Neville’s office is the home of laws. His office is linear and the objects in the office are placed in an orderly fashion which reflects Mr. Neville’s way of life and the issue of power and law. Besides power and law, the role of education as well plays a role in subjugating the Aborigines. Most children at Moore River Settlement receive basic training to be domestic servants and farm laborers. Only fair-skinned children from the settlement will receive ‘higher education’ from Sister Kate because â€Å"they more clever than us, they can go to proper school†, according to Nina. This results in the children to be taken advantage off from the whites when they return to the society as they will become servants to them. A clear example is Mavis. She graduated from Moore River Settlement and she becomes the servant to a white couple and a sex slave to the couple’s husband. This proves that education is not a tool for social advancement but a regulatory tool for oppression. As a conclusion, the central idea that flows throughout the film is a lack of understanding in the colonizer-colonized relationship. As white colonists gradually occupied the lands of the indigenous people, the latter’s traditional nomadic way of life is seriously eroded. Derisively seen as a ‘stone-age’ race, the aborigines came to rely on handouts as the structure of their society collapsed. Since the settlers were superior in force, the indigenous people were thought of as lesser beings and they felt no remorse for mistreating, controlling and deciding how the indigenous people were supposed to live (Stratton 70, â€Å"Colonialism†). The acts of the Australian government as portrayed in the film can be equated to genocide. To say that the Australian’s western society was right for doing such an immoral offence towards a once prosperous and content civilization is foolish. Their policy was definitely aimed at ‘breeding out’ the Aborigi nality. Many Aboriginal people from the ‘stolen generation’ are psychologically damaged and continue to suffer the effects of destruction of their identity, family and culture. The ‘white’ powers despite their authority have been unable to bring a complete makeover to aboriginal Australia. The young girls made it home, but their victory did not close the education settlement that housed the ‘stolen generation’ of aboriginal children. Years later, as we learn from the film, Molly is once again abducted by the authorities. She retrod her steps while carrying her youngest child to return to her homeland. Her elder daughter was too heavy to carry and she never saw her again. This shows that neither set of forces has ultimately been successful; the white powers of cultural imperialism versus the aboriginal powers of cultural preservation. The struggle between the two powers still continues up till today. Australian Museum. Indigenous Australia: Family. 2004. 23 January 2009 Bates, Daisy. The Passing of the Aborigines: A Lifetime spent among the Natives of Australia. 1983. Project Gutenberg of Australia. 23 January 2009. Bring them home. 23 January 2009 â€Å"Colonialism†. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica . 23 January 2009. Klages, M. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. Great Britain: Continuum. 2006. Marten, J.A. Children and war. New York: NYU Press 2002. Rabit-Proof Fence. Dir. Philip Noyce. Perf. Evelyn Sampi, Laura Monaghan, Tianna Sansbury, Kenneth Branagh, David Gulpilil, Garry McDonald. Miramax 2002. DVD. Read, Peter. The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969. 1981. Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government). 23 January 2009 Stratton, David. â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence (Motion Picture)† Film Television Literature Index 25 Feb. 2002: 70- . EBSCOhost. West Virginia University Library, Morgantown, WV. 23 January 2009. 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Criteria for eco-hotel Essays

Criteria for eco-hotel Essays Criteria for eco-hotel Essay Criteria for eco-hotel Essay has as its chief nonsubjective the purpose to supply practical and low-priced agencies by which cordial reception companies can follow regulations to set about environment betterments base on international guidelines. 1.5 Policies and Standards set for Eco-Hotels There are several topographic points in the universe whereby green hotels/ eco hotels are now being practiced. In most instances, by puting up several Torahs and ordinances on hotel building, authorities has forced the hotels builder in building eco-hotels. There are besides several associations which are contending for a more eco-friendly edifices and hotels. A few key constructing environmental appraisal tools soon in usage comprise of: Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes China: GBAS India: Indian Green Building Council ( IGBC ) / GRIHA Japan: CASBEE United States: LEED / Populating Building Challenge / Green Globes / Build it Green / NAHB NGBS / International Green Construction Code International Green Construction Code ( IGCC ) United Kingdom: BREEAM A few key constructing environmental appraisal tools such as BREEAM ( United Kingdom ) , and CASBEE ( Japan ) are a great aid for the consumers in finding a construction s purpose and degree of the environmental achievement. They reward credits for optional building characteristics which sustain green theoretical account in classs such as the site location and upholding of edifice site, preservation of H2O, etc. The phase of accomplishments are so determined through the figure of credits. Governments have begun to command a decrease in the usage of energy and emanations. In US in the building industry, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design besides known as LEED, is being developed as a widely-accepted criterion. The LEED enfranchisement has been modified by the U.S. Green Building Council to give installations to all edifices to gain points in many classs, assisting therefore the hotel operators to be able to obtain enfranchisement for their existing services. They therefore earn points by being sustainable in: The low energy usage which reduces the release of air pollutants and nursery gases By cut downing H2O ingestion by 30 % The usage of recycle merchandises to restitute. The usage of advanced engineerings that help in cut downing energy use therefore accomplishing other types of sustainability. There is on about 1,200 LEED-certified edifices till the terminal of 2008, most of which are new alternatively of renovated edifices. The authorities besides plays a really important function in the industry s eco- environment, non merely by making environmental resources to assist the industry. The authorities functionaries besides shared their acquired experience on ecological work with the practicians. Harmonizing to the United Nations Environmental Program, 2001, the Gallic Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment along with some hotels has been patronizing the devising of learning stuffs for environmental issues. The Hong Kong and Gallic authorities besides shows the importance of prosecuting sustainable touristry by funding two instances. Mentioning to: Hotels environmental direction systems ( ISO 14001 ) by Wilco W. Chan and Kenny Ho we can see the chart with the different sections and its purposes. Introduced in China during the twelvemonth 2003 with the publication of China Hotel Association s criterions for green hotels, it was targeted to construct and develop 10,000 green hotels by 2010. In May 2007, URBN Hotels A ; Resorts, a hotel situated in Shanghai, entered into an agreement with Emissions Zero, a company which sells beginnings nursery gas emanations. URBN plans was to cipher the hotel s entire sum of energy consumed, to so buy credits in order to cut down its footmark by puting In the local green undertakings. In the islands where touristry industry is backbone for economic growing, due to the fright of losing developers, there is frequently a deficiency of ordinances. Two illustrations are Barbados and Jamaica, whereby they utilize financess raised to organizing the Plan for a Sustainable Tourism and the Tourism Product Development Company. They have developed course of studies refering sustainable patterns for the different hotelkeepers. The Government enterprises for illustrations such as Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 are largely focused on how to continue environment. A new codification had been launched June 2007 clearly specified that merely the energy public presentation demands for all commercial edifices will constructed in India. 1.6 IPD Environment Code In February 2008 the IPD Environment Code, which was supposed to be a good pattern planetary criterion, has been launched. The Code was introduces in order to mensurate the environmental public presentation of corporate edifices. Its purpose is to accurately measure, measure and cover with the environmental impacts of commercial edifices. The Code covers a wide array of edifice types which have as purposes to: environmental program creative activity Communicating a duty to the betterment of the environment. Create public presentation marks Environmental betterment programs Life rhythm appraisals United Nations ( UN ) has introduces an Agenda 21 which is connected to sustainable development, a design of action. It is supposed to be taken internationally, on a national graduated table and locally by different types of organisations of the UN, authoritiess, and major groups that is in every portion in which the worlds has an consequence on the environment. A great figure of organisations, due to the increasing involvement in eco-building constructs, are now developing the different criterions and evaluation systems which are promoting the authorities s regulators every bit good as the building professional in following eco-buildings with more strong belief. There are besides different codifications being written which are now being adopted by the authorities in order to cut down the different environmental impacts of all the edifices. 1.7 Eco activities offered to tourers by Eco-Hotels Over the past old ages, the touristry industry has begun to advance and spread out and some tourers adopted and supported the construct of ecotourism, particularly in coastal and marine locations ( Miller, 1991 ; Miller A ; Auyong, 1991b ; Grenier et al. , ) . Ecotourism day of the months to twelvemonth 1965 when Hetzer required a reconsidering of cultural instruction in touristry context and promoted ecological touristry ( eco-tourism ) . Today eco-tourism has become an international construct that makes up the rules of saving, preservation and sustainable development. Harmonizing to Valentine ( 1991 ) in the literature ecotourism is besides recognised as adventure touristry, nature-oriented touristry, alternative touristry, appropriate touristry, soft touristry , responsible touristry, ethical touristry, environment-friendly travel, green touristry, sustainable touristry, and nature touristry. The list could be extended with other options like equality touristry, ethni c touristry, cultural touristry, socio-ecological touristry, photo-safari touristry, dive touristry or surfing touristry . A tourer activity, a private venture or authorities service, and a usher for ethical behavior are some proficient definitions given to ecotourism. For Hetzer ( 1965 ) , responsible eco-tourism is assessed against four criterions: Minimal environmental impact ; Minimum impact on and maximal regard for host civilizations ; Maximum economic benefits to the host state s grassroots ; and Maximum recreational satisfaction to take parting tourers. The Ecotourism Society, a non-profit administration created in 1990 to function circuit operators, preservation professionals, protected country direction specializers, research workers, and ushers, among others, defines ecotourism as responsible travel that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people. For illustration in Shanti Maurice hotel, along with the local dweller, usage composting for waste decrease. However, there is non yet any standard method to quantify the sum of ecotourism. Knocks ( 1992 ) notes that, while generic touristry additions around 4 % yearly, ecotourism is turning at a rate of 30 % . Lindberg ( 1991 ) stated that nature-based touristry contributed between $ 2 and $ 12 billion in 1988 to the economic systems of developing states. Harmonizing to Miller ( 1993 ) , today, demand for travel shows greater divergence and magnitude than of all time before, so doing the touristry industry the biggest concern on the Earth. The addition in handiness of public conveyance, auto ownership, outbound travel, and new involvements in nature based ecotourism, with the increased leisure clip implies a promising hereafter to marine eco-tourism. As a consequence more careful and elaborate readying and planning is necessary to suit the estimated reaching of tourers to coastal countries. But still ecotourism is frequently disadvantaged by limited entree, deficiency of conveyance and hapless resort installations, including lodging installations. It is indispensable to accomplish a good balance between the development of leisure and the saving of natural resources is to prolong the high quality of recreational activities. The construct of the 3s ( sea, sand, Sun ) touristry is altering to more sustainable touristry activities. There are different eco hotels which offer different activities to tourers depending on their surrounding environment. Hereunder is a list of eco hotels of different eco star evaluations and the eco activities they offer to the tourers. 3 star Eco hotels Leafs and Lizards Arenal Volcano Cabin Retreat ( Central America-Costa Rica ) Guests learn about effects of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity, clime and H2O during their stay at Leaves and Lizards. Information is shared and discussed during guided Tourss, through insouciant conversations and written stuff in invitees suites. Activities available at that place to tourers are horse equitation, white H2O rafting, nothing lines ( Tyrolean crossbeam ) and canyoning. Admiral s Inn-north ( America- USA ) Information of all the local environmentally-friendly activities that are in the country, including beach walking and hike are given to invitees. Al Tarfa Desert Sanctuary Lodge A ; Spa- ( Africa-Egypt ) Al Tarfa is an escapade finish, offering day-to-day activities such as guided walks in the desert, local community experiences, camel or Equus caballus drives inthedunes or 44 visits to local pharaonic, every bit good as Islamic ruins and natural hot springs. Other honoring experiences can be arranged, including trips to theadjacent Oases, theWhite Desert Protected Area and theGilf Kebir National Park. Lake Manyara Tree Lodge- ( Africa-Tanzania ) This offers a figure of specialist campaign as activities to invitees. Ant s Nest and Ant s Hill- ( South Africa ) The purpose of Ant s Nest and Ant s Hill is to supply a unambiguously flexible campaign experience Club Afrodit- ( Europe-Turkey ) This hotel provides assorted activities like forenoon gymnastic exercises, nature walks, tennis, ping-pong, aerobic exercises, hoops, volleyball, darts, H2O Polo. Eco-Lodge Itororo- ( South America-Brazil ) Eco-Lodge Itororo offers a scope of activities from boosting Tourss to horseback equitation and swimming in the crystal-clear natural pool. Ferme de Candeloup- ( Europe-France ) This eco hotel besides acts as a Yoga Centre.During the Winter, a 40 minute thrust brings invitees to the nearest ski station, which is besides merely a short walk to the Spanish boundary line. Whitewater rafting, Equus caballus equitation and many other activities can besides be pursued in the vicinity. For those of a more easy temperament, Candeloup is at the bosom of the Jurancon vino part, which begs to be explored. Finca del Buen Consejo- ( South America-Ecuador ) They offer activities in many of the local beautiful sites such as waterfall visits, mountain mounting, fly fishing, and pre Inca civilisation ruins Hotel Planinka- ( Europe-Slovenia ) Activities organised by the hotel for the invitees include mountain escapade park, paintball, boosting A ; mountain biking, sledging, ice skating. Best Western Kamloops- ( North America-Canada ) In the country invitees will happen some of the finest golf classs in the state, horseback equitation, mountain biking, hike, dodo exploring, and Western Heritage visit. For more winter activities nearby is the first-class ski Sun Peaks Resort, which is rapidly going one of the Prime Minister ski countries in the state. Hosteria Huechulafquen- ( South America-Argentina ) Guests can bask different jaunts with diverse trouble degrees like horseback equitation, trekking, mountain biking, long walks, kayaking, bird observation, scenery hike, and the hotel specialises in gimmick and release fishing. Ibo Island Lodge, Quirimbas Archipelago- ( Africa-Mozambique ) Ibo Island Lodge provides polo-neck and hatching sing chances to invitees to the island. Iglu-Dorf- ( Europe-Switzerland and Germany ) Activities available there are snow show walking, iglu edifice and sculpting. Inkaterra Machu Picchu- ( South America-Peru ) Group eco-activities, such as bird observation or a guided orchid walk, are provided on their 12-acre evidences. Laguna del Lagarto Eco Lodge- ( Central America-Costa Rica ) The Lodge is operated in harmoniousness with nature following extended ecological guidelines. It is a perfect topographic point for passionate bird-watchers and rain forest lovers. More than 10 kilometer of good marked rainforest trails make birding and researching easy, whether invitees prefer to travel entirely or with a naturalist or birding usher. Matemo Island- ( Africa-Mozambique ) For invitees who enjoy H2O athleticss, seafaring, windsurfing, H2O skiing and banana boats, these activities are offered. Kayaks and snorkels are besides available for invitees to research the island s clear Waterss. Rivertime resort and Ecolodge- ( Asia-Laos ) Rivertime resort and Ecolodge provide river Tourss to invitees. And Tours most absorbing temples, monasteries, museums and many other sites of involvement return invitees to the metropolis and local countries in the resort s minibus. Sosian Lodge-africa Kenya Sosian offers a immense scope of activities including walking, horse-riding, camel campaign, game-drives, night-drives, fishing, bird-shooting, archery, tennis and swimming in the waterfalls behind the spread house. 4 star Eco hotels Belvedere Bed A ; Breakfast- ( Europe-Italy ) All kinds of activities, are provided at this hotel, like walking, trekking, mountain climbing, cycling, skiing, snowboarding, snow shoeing or merely loosen uping surrounded by good nutrient, vino and beautiful scenery. Brompton Lakes- ( Europe-England ) The site is straight on the Coast to Coast long distance pathway and ideally placed for walking, cycling and other out-of-door activities. There is besides a tennis tribunal, free mountain motorcycle hire and little rowing boats on the lakes. Cedar House Inn and Yurts- ( North America-USA ) Cedar House Inn and Yurts provide horseback equitation, kayaking, canoeing, tubing down the Etowah or Chestatee Rivers and swimming in Dicks Creek. Mountain bicycling on rugged trails or route motorcycle on the same cragged path used by professional race drivers is besides available. Chem chem- ( Africa-Tanzania ) Guests at Chem chem can see unforgettable walking campaign and bird observation jaunts. Cotton Tree Lodge- ( Central America-Belize ) All guest jaunts are focused on the local environment and community. Guests visit waterfalls, caves, Mayan ruins, wildlife militias, and local places and small towns. Dar Itrane Ecolodge- ( Africa-Morocco ) Activities at this hotel are nature-based touristry activities like walking in the small towns and hike and trekking in the surrounding mountains. Desoto Inns- ( North America-Florida ) Guests there can angle, swim, snorkel, do kayaking, boat Tourss and hike. Explora Rapa Nui- ( South America-Chille ) They offer assorted geographic expeditions on pes, bike, boat or horseback. Gaija Hostel- ( Europe-Finland ) Gaija Hostel provides horseback-riding, kayaking and rowing boat and bikes are available for rent. Besides boosting, snowshoeing and skiing can be arranged Hotel Mocking Bird Hill- ( Central America-Jamaica ) There are a scope of activities to bask there like bird observation, hike, cycling, snorkel diving, plunging or invitees can merely put in knolls and ticker emerald green hummingbirds dart from flower to bloom. Heron Island- ( Australia-Oceania ) Heron Island is celebrated for its antic aqualung diving and snorkel diving. 5 star Ecohotels Arenas del Mar- ( Central America-Costa Rica ) This hotel provides assorted eco activities to tourers like white water rafting, mangrove kayak and boat Tourss, guided rainforest hikings, ocean kayaking, gimmick and release athletics fishing, horseback siting jaunts and activities organised by the Canopy Tours. The Canopy Tour offers exciting chance to surge through the rain forest high above the forest floor to see jungle life. Algonquin Eco Lodge- ( North America-Canada ) Algonquin Eco Lodge provides skiing, Canis familiaris sledding, hike, canoeing, and mountain biking as activity to their invitees. Balamku Inn on the Beach- ( North America-Mexico ) Here invitees can bask snorkeling, scub

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Community in American History - Essay Example The popularity of slave trade was not only limited to North American colony, but also extended to Southern colonies as well as states (Daniels 54). Daniels asserts that slave trade was a fundamental mechanism through which immigrants were brought into the NEW World, especially The United States (Daniels 54). As they were transported from Africa into the New World, particularly the United States, African slaves carried with them their African culture. The African culture fused with others, both European immigrants and immigrants who were never considered part of immigration such as Asians and Indians. Despite not having been acknowledged as part of immigration, African slaves formed crucial part of the community, where they worked in sugar plantations. As time elapsed, African slaves multiplied through birth. â€Å"At the end of the colonial period, roughly every fifth American was either an African immigrant of the descendant of one† (Daniels 55). This swelling number significantly contributed to the diverse community that has become inherent in the history of the United States. Over 10 percent of American people can accurately trace their ancestry to immigrants of African origin. Unfortunately, most historians have simply ignored the or explicitly covered black history. Historical evidence that can reveal adequate information about the history of immigrants of African origin is not in existence. African immigrants basically had no literature that could be used to document their past. However, there are modern literatures about African slaves, written by the slave merchants together with other white participants in the slave trade as well as observers. These literatures are often exaggerations and largely miss the point ab out the background African slaves. For example, Alex Haley developed a falsified literature about African past, mainly founded on a novel

Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative

Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative In last many years, few management accounting innovations has been developed. Managers have to make decision on a daily basis as well make decisions regarding the future and how to survive and grow in an energetic market place with ever growing uncertain circumstances. Traditional or modern management accounting system give relevant information to all levels of management, financial and other information to make decisions about planning, control of operations and identifying opportunities to add value. The modern management accounting practice are typically different from that of traditional management accounting as they enable managers to make sound decisions to minimize cost as well in the same time add value to the products and services by improving the quality of products, which is required by the customers, and reduce waste. In addition, the modern management accounting systems allow the organisation as whole to develop the innovative capacity of the organisation and flexibility so that it can continually change and improve performance financially as well in its non financial areas of performance. Traditional vs. Modern Innovative Traditional will focus on cost control and, in particular, what is recognized as variance analysis and which involves evaluating forecast outcomes with real outcomes for example for costs such as materials and labour. The types of activity, therefore, that management accountants have traditionally involved themselves with include: †¢ Cost analysis †¢ Cost control †¢ Budget preparation †¢ Budgetary control processes †¢ Cost/benefit analysis †¢ Investment appraisal. More modern, innovative approaches include initiatives such as: †¢ Business process re-engineering: This is about rethinking and re-designing business processes as a means of reducing costs and improving delivery †¢ Zero-based budgeting: re-thinking budgets in a way that engage justifying and prioritising all items of expenditure †¢ Activity-based management: looking at what actually causes costs to be incurred, and being better able to forecast and control costs †¢ Life cycle costing: considering a products costs over its entire life cycle (rather than just, for example, the initial building costs) †¢ Total quality management: the process of continuous quality improvement †¢ beyond budgeting: a challenge to traditional budgeting techniques via the use of more flexible and wide ranging processes †¢ Balanced scorecards: the use of key performance indicators within four different perspectives financial, customer, internal business process and learning/growth. Non financial performance measurement approached gained momentum as a result of dissatisfaction with the traditional techniques such as balance sheets and income statement, as technology increasing and increasing global competition, companies able to recognize better their fault and might to improve their existing capabilities and create new ones the most successful of these being Economic Value Added (EVA). Initially Return on Investment (ROI) was used to enhancement the intuition and insight of managers. It was used to send down the goal for division managers to meet from corporate office. Since managers reward and endorsement prospects depended on the ability to meet targets, these core managers has a strong incentive to adjust their information accordingly. Some businesses have built accounting teaching modules for their managers that help them recognize the detailed information they get. Management accountants have a vital responsibility in preparing and distributing training materials. Nowadays multifaceted managerial surroundings technical functions, particularly accounting, need to become more than suppliers of information. They must turn into a kind of an educating where managers can obtain training. So far in numerous organizations, accountants are too hectic to turn out to be instructors and internal reward systems likely depress such performances. As the range of management accounting messages enlarge to contain non-financial presentation indicators, management accountants get an additional challenge. Many managers have complexities visualizing the cause and result relationships that connect cost drivers to financial returns. Yet this is the key information needed to manage value, and education is regularly required to help managers recognize improved the reason and result relations that cause shareholder value. Increasing functional area means that managers are ever more detached from shareholder values. Many managers are powerfully devoted to the association without being dedicated to the financial aim that drives it. Management accountants have a responsibility to take part in instilling financial control and assigning financial values to non-financial managers. One technique is to need operating managers (rather than accountants) to systematically organize and present the financial study of their industry unit. At the similar occasion that the management accounting role must pay great amount of attention to the efficiency of its inner infrastructure processes, other demands are occurring. There is rising pressure to decrease on the whole cost of the finance function as a fraction of revenues. There are gradually more time consuming demands for more comprehensive external reporting. While these final goals are vital and must be achieved, setting the precedence there only boost the risk that internal accounting communications will be unsuccessful to get their objectives and that management accounting system modify will be further postponed. Conclusion As discussed above, the modern  management  accounting  relevant to modern organizational  management  issues as well rectify and reform the   traditional management   accounting  practices  to make decisions and specialized decisions based on relevant financial and non-financial information depending on the nature of activities, size, external circumstances and market conditions, customer profiles, organizational human resource issues, structural issues. Even the modern  management  accounting  is not additional but can be entirely different. As well, some are more appropriate to various organizations and some are not, given the internal  management  practices, size of organizations, top management  support, human resource  practices. Organizational structural issues, employee motivational factors, centralization decentralization issues. In other words, before considering implementing modern  management  accounting practices  the  management  must have a feasibility study considering the above issues and evaluate the cost and benefit of the systems in financial and non-financial terms. Otherwise the benefits are applied  without through evaluation and commitment by top  management, therefore the benefits of these  practices will not be realized fully. If carefully considered based on enough facts and not on emotions, then the modern  management  accounting  with other strategies will certainly help ful for  management  to make sound decisions and therefore contribute to the success of the organization than the  traditional  management accounting  practices.

Common Program Models :: essays papers

Common Program Models There are various forms of year-round education. The program consists of several plans including, concept 6, multi tracks, and single tracks. These options allow schools to provide a better working environment for students. Most calendars are designed to split the school year into periods with vacation time, called intersession. One popular plan that has been proven to be successful is the concept 6 program. Concept 6 plan has been used successfully at both elementary and secondary levels. It is particularly useful when there is lack of space. It requires that students be divided into three groups, with one group always on vacation, thus releasing a considerable amount of space for instructional use. A high school built for 1,600 students can house 2,400 under a Concept 6 three-track plan. It also can be administered in a single-track pattern. The Concept 6 plan calls for six terms of approximately 43 days each. Students attend four of the six terms but must attend two of their four terms consecutively. The plan provides for 160 or more days a year. In states where 175 or more days of attendance are required, additional days can be completed by over-lapping the groups on half-day sessions the first and last day of each term, by independent study and intersession programs, or by creative off-campus group activities. In states that mandate the number of minuets per year in various subjects as a substitute for the number of days, Concept 6 can operate effectively by extending the minuets of instruction each day so that the total accumulation of minutes of instruction each day so that the total accumulation of minutes equals the minimum number of days required by the state. (Ballinger C.E, pp. 23) Standard multi-track schedules include the 60-20 and 45-15 schedule. Both of these calendars can work in the form of single track scheduling, using multi-tracks school facilities get more use because different groups are in and out of the school, allowing the school to cater to more students. There are benefits for the single track plans. Experts say that single tracks improve attendance and the students are more attentive (Rasmussen, 2000). The main difference between the two is that during single-track programs all of the students and staff follow the same calendar, where as the multi tracks have several different tracks that students and staff are divided into.

Thirsting for Power

Power is defined the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality. Each and every person possesses some type of power over another thing. Some people are content with not having any power whatsoever and then there are people whose entire lives revolve around that thirst and need for power. The latter is a description of two famous people in history, Malcolm X and Julius Caesar. Thirsting for power and wanting to much of a good thing can be very self-destructive. This thirst for power can cause people to be blinded but the reality of what is going on around them.Taking into consideration that both of these powerful leaders had this longing for power that ultimately leaded to their destruction we can identify many similarities and differences that may be relevant to their nature and the way they both lived, and died. The major difference between Julius Caesar and Malcolm X is obviously the time period in which they were from. Malcolm X was born in the early 20’s and Julius Caesar was born around 100 BC. These time periods are completely different eras from each other yet the thirst for power and a solid following was present in both of them.The thirst for power is something that has been around since man was created. A key similarity between these two leaders is that their thirst for power and their ability to have an influential effect on people’s lives was seen from a very early age. Caesar was born around 100 BC and by the time he was 18 had already been through and witnessed more than many people had that were in their later years of age. He was married to the daughter of a very noble man, fathered her child. Then was ordered to divorce her or be executed. Caesar refused to divorce Cornelia and her fathered ordered him to be executed which caused him to go into hiding.After escaping that event, barely with his life he was kidnapped in Grease Around 60BC is when his power really started to motivate his da ily actions as well as increase the crazy thirst he had for power. â€Å"While sailing to Greece for further study, Caesar was kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held for ransom. When informed that they intended to ask for 20 talents, he is supposed to have insisted that he was worth at least 50. He maintained a friendly, joking relationship with the pirates while the money was being raised, but warned them that he would track them down and have them crucified after he was released.He did just that, with the help of volunteers, as a warning to other pirates, but he first cut their throats to lessen their suffering because they had treated him well,† (Yavetz). The experience of Caesar’s kidnapping helps us to see another similarity between him and Malcolm X. Both men were considered very wise, intellectual and eloquent speakers. This worked very much in their advantage. They were quick to think on their feet and were able to persuade and convince people very easily. This is a very useful skill regarding the thirst of power because in order to have power a person must also have support and some sort of following.This is needed in order for the power to grow and to help to protect the leader from enemies who are not so supportive or easily convinced. The fact that Caesar could be held captive by pirates, entertain and joke with them while warning them of their deaths that will come as revenge, shows so much about Caesar’s attitude. In 72 BC Caesar was elected military tribune and then would go on to speak to the people at the funerals of his loved ones. Instead of putting much of the focus on those who died, those who were close to him, he made sure that the people that were listening acknowledged his noble past and bloodline (Kebrick).It was during this time that the thirst for power began to really be set in motion. It was at this time that he was beginning to gain more and more of a following and put into the peoples’ heads how magni ficent of a leader he would be. â€Å"In 58 BC Caesar left Rome for Gaul; he would not return for 9 years, in the course of which he would conquer most of what is now central Europe, opening up these lands to Mediterranean civilization—a decisive act in world history. However, much of the conquest was an act of aggression prompted by personal ambition (not unlike the conquests of Alexander the Great).Fighting in the summers, he would return to Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) in the winters and manipulate Roman politics through his supporters,† (Kebric). After this and many more complex events and elections Caesar would continue to plunder neighboring territories and occupy them. This is how the rise of the Roman Empire, the strongest and longest lasting empire began. Caesar would publicly deny his want to be idolized as a King but acted in ways that suggested he wanted to be idolized more of a God than a Monarch. It was this attitude and his thirst for more power, more territory that would lead his enemies to assassinate him in 44 BC.â€Å"Caesar attended the last meeting of the Senate before his departure, held at its temporary quarters in the portico of the theater built by Pompey the Great (the Curia, located in the Forum and the regular meeting house of the Senate, had been badly burned and was being rebuilt). The sixty conspirators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Brutus Albinus, and Gaius Trebonius, came to the meeting with daggers concealed in their togas and struck Caesar at least 23 times as he stood at the base of Pompey's statue,† (Yavetz).Although his own reign was short lived and his thirst for power caused his own self destruction, Julius Caesar will always be known for the creation and rise of the Roman Empire. Malcolm X, like Julius Caesar, had a troubled childhood. His parents died young and he was in and out of foster homes as well as jail cells. When the law finally caught up with him in Bost on, for a robbery charge, he was sentenced to a 8-10 year sentence in Charleston Prison. It was in prison in which his thirst for power began to take shape.He was introduced to many books and would often read many in one day. Also while in prison, he was visited by several siblings who had joined to the Nation of Islam, a small sect of black Muslims who embraced the ideology of black nationalism—the idea that in order to secure freedom, justice and equality, black Americans needed to establish their own state entirely separate from white Americans. Malcolm X converted to the Nation of Islam while in prison,† (Malcolm X). Malcolm’s transition and thirst for power was a lot different from Caesars for the reason that he had good intentions.He wanted better for his people, African American people. He had seen so much racism and lost many close friends and even his family to the KKK. Teachers told him from a young age that because he was African American, he wouldnâ⠂¬â„¢t be able to do things such as become a lawyer and that he needed to be more realistic about his place in life. It was these numbered events that offered fuel to the fire that was burning inside Malcolm. He was unhappy with the way society was working, along with the majority of society at this time.In my opinion, Malcolm was  a much better leader than Caesar because the motives behind his thirst for power had some justification, at least for African Americans and was not just about taking over any and everything that he could, like with Caesar. Malcolm’s thirst for power was to offer something better to his people whereas Caesar’s thirst for power came from arrogance and wanting the world to recognize him as being the most powerful. When X was released in 1952 he would relocate to Detroit, Michigan and join forces with the head of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Mohammed to spread the word of this new way of life.In the eyes of the Nation of Islam, he was a miracul ous leader. He became overseeing minister of a temple in Harlem, a temple in Boston and even helped to found temples in Philadelphia and Hartford. Articulate, passionate and a naturally gifted and inspirational orator, Malcolm X exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism â€Å"by any means necessary,† including violence. â€Å"You don't have a peaceful revolution,† he said. â€Å"You don't have a turn-the-cheek revolution. There's no such thing as a nonviolent revolution.†Such militant proposals—a violent revolution to establish an independent black nation—won Malcolm X large numbers of followers as well as many fierce critics,† (Malcolm X). It was Malcolm’s ability to captivate audiences, just as Caesar, that would put him front-and-center of a power vacuum. Also, like Caesar, he would be betrayed and envied by those who were close to him. In Malcolm’s case it was Elija Mohammed who would begin to envy X’s power and ability to gain support. X would leave the Nation of Islam in 1964 after constant tension with Elijah and his disgust with disregarding his own teachings.He considered Elijah to be a hypocrite and felt that the path the Nation was going down was one doomed for disaster. Little did he know, this move would be the lead to his own disaster. On the evening of February 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, where Malcolm X was about to deliver a speech, three gunmen rushed the stage and shot him 15 times at point blank range†¦ He was 39 years old. The three men convicted of the assassination of Malcolm X were all members of the Nation of Islam. Although both Caesar and X were both powerful speakers and leaders, their motives behind power were quite different.Both men wanted to convince as many people as they could that the way things were being done, were not right. Both men felt they had the power to change the world. However, the differences lie in how they wanted it to change. Caesar wanted violently take over all and any territory he could and X wanted to gain the support of his people and ultimately begin a quest back to Africa where African Americans could live amongst themselves without discrimination. The actions that resulted from their thirst for power is what would ultimately lead to both of their assassinations.

Gods Generals essays

God's Generals essays The American Civil War was a military conflict between the United States of America (the Union), and 11 secessionist Southern states, organized as the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). It was the culmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict and it reflected deep-seated economic, social, and political differences between the North and the South. Many books have been written on this first modern war describing how over 620,000 men were killed. Jeff Shaara goes deeper and explores the personal conflicts of four historical figures, two from the South and two from North: General Lee, General Jackson, Colonel Chamberlain, and Hancock. Robert E. Lees story began with a dilemma; he had to decide whether to stay to fight with the army he has been serving for 30 years or to resign and go to Virginia to defend his home. Life in the army had ruined his life. Throughout Part 1, Lee feels something missing from inside him: the feeling of action, of war. While in Texas , General Winfield Scott asks Lee to serve as second in command of the Union Army, but due to the possibility that Virginia could also secede, he declines. Still yearning for action, he accepts the command of the Provisional Army, the defense forces for the state of Virginia. He goes on to recruit Major Thomas Jackson, Jackson replies by saying, If they do not run, then they die. (Pg. 135) I will do whatever I must to defeat my enemies. (Pg. 135) This describes Major Jacksons general attitude towards war and towards God. Jackson is extremely pious and does all he can to please God and to follow His path. Newspaper coverage of his battles quickly publicized him and the title Hero was given to Jackson. Throughout the war, Jackson shows dedication, going beyond his orders and chasing away his enemies. He also shows an immense concern for his troops. His men were shabby compared to the force ...

Principles of Marketing Calvin Klein Case Study

Principles of Marketing Calvin Klein Case Study Introduction Calvin Klein is an American fashion brand. Considering the modern situation at the market, it should be concluded that advertising plays crucial part in the competition. Product promotion is really important as it leads to the increase in sales and profit.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Principles of Marketing: Calvin Klein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To understand the main principles of marketing Calvin Klein uses, it is important to check the three levels of product concept, to identify the most important factors in the brand expansion, and select the adoption level the brand meets with the explanation of the choice on the basis of the specific case study called The Rise of Calvin Klein (Chong and Diga). Marketing Principles of Calvin Klein Three levels of product concept Three layers of product exist in the marking which allow the company expand, such as core product, actual product, and au gmented product (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart 233). The core product is considered to be the benefit a specific product is aimed at. Calvin Klein’s core product is cloths it provides it consumers with. People buy this product to meet the demands of the society to be dressed and protected. An actual product layer has deeper consideration of the human interests and is directed at style, brand, appearance, etc. People have different tastes and they choose some cloths according to their personal desires and wishes. The use of ads underlines this specific layer of products as it shows people the specifics of each model and has different audience. The third layer concept is augmented product which is directed at the specific offers and opportunities the company can offer, like company stores, online catalogues, etc. It should be mentioned that Calvin Klein is the company with long history and it has some specific offers at each level of product concept. The Most Important Factor in th e Brand Expansion Considering the specifics of the brand expansion, the company has tried to create something different, an ad which could remain in human mind. The company referred to the provocative advertising campaign to stress that customers should want this specific product. It should be noted that no one predicted the success of this campaign, but this is considered to be the central factor of positive reaction. People noticed the ad and remembered it, no matter that their first reaction was negative and repulsive. The Adoption Level the Brand Meets Considering the adoption level of the innovation produced by Calvin Klein, it is possible to notice that the final, confirmation level is met. The Calvin Klein brand has achieved its highest level of recognition at the market.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a new product appears, many people buy it jus t because it is Calvin Klein. One of the main dangers of this stage of adoption as that there is nothing to reach, it is the final stage. When people lose interest in this kind of product, the company should use additional means of regulation, like presentation, communication, etc. Conclusion Thus, it may be concluded that Calvin Klein remains one of the leading fashion brands in the world due to the correct use of marketing principles. The implementation of the new products should come through some specific stages and the further work should also be based on the specific principles which allow this product remain in demand. It guarantees sales and recognition in the world. Chong and Diga. â€Å"The Rise of Calvin Klein.† Marketing 3000. 10 March 2011. Print. Solomon, Michael R., Marshall, Greg W., and Stuart, Elnora W. Marketing: Real People Real Choices. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

History of Culture tissue propagation Research Paper

History of Culture tissue propagation - Research Paper Example The period ranging from 1940s to 1960s marked the development of the improvements of the existing technologies already used and the new technologies. This led to tissue culture application in areas such as: cell behavior including metabolism, cytology, embryogenesis, nutrition, pathology and morphogenesis; clonal propagation; plant modification and improvement, product formation, and pathogen free plants and germplasm storage. The beginning of the 1990s indicated a continuous expansion in the vitro technology applications to the increasing number of species of plants. Cell culture has since remained a vital tool in the area of biochemistry and basic plant biology, agricultural biotechnology and molecular biology (Singh & Srivastava, 2006). This paper seeks to discuss the history of plant tissue culture, the development and significant information on plant tissue culture. The idea of tissue culture began as early as 1838 with the theory of the cell by Schwann and Schleiden. The very first approach of an experiment was tried vainly in 1902 by Haberlandt. After the success of Carrel with the animal cells, motivating results were attained on plant tissues in 1934 by Gautheret and the issue was solved independently in 1939 by White, Nobecourt, and Gautheret. The development of tissue culture was slowed since the new field only attracted few individuals. In 1954 however, the principal chapters of plant tissue culture were opened: there were studies on cell culture, tissue culture, expertness of vegetative propagation and organ formation, improvement of nutrients, growth of substances, application of pathological problems, and efforts to achieve secondary products. In 1966, Guha and Maheshwari initiated the androgenesis, as Kuster’s pioneer efforts on the protoplast fusion was brought about and exhumed innumerable investigations. Eventually for the last ten years, there has been a true explosion of plant tissue culture and currently

Freedom and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom and Justice - Essay Example How affordable is higher education for Americans? What sorts of conflicts has higher education produced? These questions and many more will be addressed and applied to a holistic analysis of higher education in the United States. Conflict theory evolved from Marxism and focuses on what it perceives are inherent conflicts within society. Marxists perceive conflict to be endemic when resources are scarce and argue that our social system – capitalism – is the most unequal system when it comes to resource allocation and distribution. Private property, capital and social classes are all important characteristics of an inegalitarian society. An unequal division of labour and class exploitation is said to lead to conflict according to this theory (Wallerstein, 1974). A Conflict Theorist would immediately point out the inequalities surrounding higher education in the United States and would argue that higher education promotes class difference and exploitation of the masses. Seeing higher education as a tool for upward social mobility, Conflict Theorists would assert that the lack of accessibility of higher education in the United States maintains the unequal status between social classes, ensuring tha t the wealthy remain wealthy and the poor in America remain poor. Conflict Theorists point out that exorbitant costs to attend colleges and universities ensure that only the wealthy can access higher education and thus reaps the benefit of having a Bachelors Degree, Masters Degree or PhD. Affordability, or lack thereof, essentially promotes the existing class structure to the detriment of the greater society. The implication is a society stratified by class and educational attainment. Those without access to the elite ivory towers of America’s universities and colleges will forever remain in the bottom rung of society. Conflict will exist between those who have the means to attend university and those who do